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  4. Investigating Viruses in Cells Used to Make Vaccines; and Evaluating the Potential Threat Posed by Transmission of Viruses to Humans
  1. Science & Research (Biologics)

Investigating Viruses in Cells Used to Make Vaccines; and Evaluating the Potential Threat Posed by Transmission of Viruses to Humans

Principal Investigator: Arifa S. Khan, PhD
Office / Division / Lab: OVRR / DVP / LR

General Overview

The emergence of pathogenic virus infections like influenza and HIV have created an urgent need for new vaccines.

Virus-based vaccines are made in living cells (cell substrates). Some manufacturers are investigating the use of new cell lines to make vaccines. The continual growth of cell lines ensures that there is a consistent supply of the same cells that can yield high quantities of the vaccine.

In some cases the cell lines that are used might be tumorigenic, that is, they form tumors when injected into rodents. Some of these tumor-forming cell lines may contain cancer-causing viruses that are not actively reproducing. Such viruses are hard to detect using standard methods. These latent, or "quiet," viruses pose a potential threat, since they might become active under vaccine manufacturing conditions. Therefore, to ensure the safety of vaccines, our laboratory is investigating ways to activate latent viruses in cell lines and to detect the activated viruses, as well as other unknown viruses, using new technologies. We will then adapt our findings to detect viruses in the same types of cell substrates that are used to produce vaccines. We are also trying to identify specific biological processes that reflect virus activity.

These methods will enable FDA scientists to help manufacturers to determine whether their specific cell substrate is safe to use for vaccine production. The methods our laboratory are developing and testing will help to ensure the production of safe and effective vaccines in two ways: 1) FDA will be able to develop testing guidelines for manufacturers who use new cell substrates for producing vaccines; and 2) FDA will publish the new methods it develops in peer-reviewed scientific journals, thus making them readily accessible to all manufacturers.

We are also evaluating the risk of retrovirus infections in humans. (Retroviruses are RNA viruses that use an enzyme called reverse transcriptase (RT) to replicate; RNA is the de-coded form of DNA). Simian foamy virus (SFV) can be transmitted from nonhuman primates (e.g., monkeys) to humans. Although there is no evidence that SFV causes disease, the virus can remain in a lifelong quiet state in the DNA after infection. Moreover, two individuals in Africa were recently found to be infected with both HIV-1 and SFV. Therefore, it is important to determine if SFV poses a threat to human health and to understand how the virus spreads in order to create strategies for controlling human infections. Such work will also help FDA to develop a new policy regarding blood donation by individuals working with nonhuman primates and implementing formal safety guidelines for people working with SFV-infected animals. We are also investigating the consequences of dual SFV and HIV-1 infection in the monkey model.
 

Scientific Overview

Detection of latent viruses in cell substrates for vaccine safety. The urgent demand for vaccines against emerging diseases has necessitated the use of novel cell substrates. These include tumorigenic cells such as MDCK and CHO cells (for influenza virus vaccines), 293 and PER.C6 cells (for adenovirus-vectored HIV-1 and other vaccines), and tumor-derived cells such as HeLa cells (for HIV-1 vaccines).

The use of tumorigenic and tumor-derived cells is a major safety concern due to the potential presence of viruses such as retroviruses and oncogenic DNA viruses that could be associated with tumorigencity, Therefore, detection of persistent, latent DNA viruses, and endogenous retroviruses in vaccine cell substrates is important for vaccine safety, particularly in the development of live viral vaccines, where there are no or minimal virus inactivation and removal steps during vaccine manufacturing.

Chemical induction is a rigorous method for evaluating the presence of endogenous retroviruses as well as some latent DNA viruses that have the potential to become active and produce infectious virus. This approach has been extensively used for mouse cells. We have optimized virus induction conditions in mouse cells using a standardized, highly sensitive, single-tube fluorescent PCR enhanced reverse transcriptase (STF-PERT) assay. We have further determined optimum conditions for activating latent DNA virus from a human cell line. We have extended the assay to develop a stepwise approach to induce and detect endogenous retroviruses and latent DNA viruses during evaluation of cell substrates for vaccine safety.

The chemical induction algorithm developed using these positive control cell lines can be used to evaluate the safety of novel vaccine cell substrates for new vaccines. We are now investigating emerging technologies for broad virus detection to identify novel, induced and other unknown viruses. Additionally, we are investigating potential biomarkers for virus induction

In vitro and in vivo investigations to address retrovirus concerns in biologics. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are highly prevalent in all nonhuman primates (NHPs) and can infect humans by cross-species transmission. Although there is no evidence yet of disease with SFV, infectious virus persists in the host DNA. Therefore, we are trying to understand SFV latency and activation and factors involved in virus transmission, which will be important for managing SFV infections in humans.

We are also investigating potential interactions of SFV and SIV in the monkey model to predict the outcome of SFV and HIV-1 dual-infections in human cases, reported in Africa. Furthermore, our blood transfusion studies in monkeys regarding the risk of SFV transmission from infected blood donors to recipients will contribute to blood donation policy-making decisions.
 

Publications

  1. Virology 2024 Jun;594:110038
    Characterization of Sf9 cell clones with differential susceptibilities to Sf-rhabdovirus X(+3.7) and Sf-rhabdovirus X(-) replication.
    Ma H, Kennard A, Mattson N, Khan AS
  2. Viruses 2023 Sep 26;15(10):1998
    Long-read high-throughput sequencing (HTS) revealed that the Sf-rhabdovirus X(+) genome contains a 3.7 kb internal duplication.
    Ma H, Bosma TJ, Khan AS
  3. Biologicals 2023 Aug;83:101696
    Report of the third conference on next-generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologics for humans and animals.
    Khan AS, Mallet L, Blümel J, Cassart JP, Knezevic I, Ng SHS, Wall M, Jakava-Viljanen M, Logvinoff C, Goios A, Neels P
  4. Biologicals 2023 Feb;81:101662
    IABS/DCVMN webinar on next generation sequencing.
    Khan AS, Theuns S, Mallet L, Cirefice G, Bhuller R, Goios A, Suri R, Neels P
  5. BMC Bioinformatics 2022 Dec 16;23(1):544
    Profiling the BLAST bioinformatics application for load balancing on high-performance computing clusters.
    Cheng T, Chin PJ, Cha K, Petrick N, Mikailov M
  6. who.int WHO/BS.2020.2402
    Collaborative study for the establishment of a WHO international standard for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.
    Bentley E, Mee ET, Routley S, Mate R, Fritzsche M, Hurley M, Duff YL, Anderson R, Hockley J, Rigsby P, Page M, Rose N, Mattiuzzo G, Collaborative Study Group
  7. Biologicals 2020 Sep;67:94-111
    Report of the second international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologics for humans and animals.
    Khan AS, Blümel J, Deforce D, Gruber MF, Jungbäck C, Knezevic I, Mallet L, Mackay D, Matthijnssens J, O'Leary M, Theuns S, Victoria J, Neels P
  8. who.int WHO/BS/2020.2394
    Proposed 1st international virus reference standards for adventitious virus detection in biological products by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies (CBER-5).
    Khan AS, Study Group Participants
  9. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020 May;9(20):e00233-20
    Complete genome sequence of feline leukemia virus Kawakami-Theilen strain KT-FeLV-UCD-1.
    Chin PJ, La Neve F, Zanda V, Khan AS
  10. Viruses 2020 Apr 6;12(4):403
    Genome analysis and replication studies of the African green monkey simian foamy virus serotype 3 strain FV2014.
    Fuentes SM, Bae EH, Nandakumar S, Williams DK, Khan AS
  11. Biologicals 2020 Mar;64:76-82
    Report of the 2019 NIST-FDA workshop on standards for next generation sequencing detection of viral adventitious agents in biologics and biomanufacturing.
    Cleveland MH, Anekella B, Brewer M, Chin PJ, Couch H, Delwart E, Huggett J, Jackson S, Martin J, Monpoeho S, Morrison T, Ng S, Ussery D, Khan AS
  12. Virology 2019 Oct;536:125-33
    The Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cell line is a heterogeneous population of rhabdovirus-infected and virus-negative cells: Isolation and characterization of cell clones containing rhabdovirus X-gene variants and virus-negative cell clones.
    Ma H, Nandakumar S, Bae EH, Chin PJ, Khan AS
  13. Viruses 2019 Feb 1;11(2):134
    Twelfth International Foamy Virus Conference--meeting report.
    Herchenroder O, Lochelt M, Buseyne F, Gessain A, Soares MA, Khan AS, Lindemann D
  14. Viruses 2018 Oct 16;10(10):566
    Current perspectives on high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for adventitious virus detection: upstream sample processing and library preparation.
    Ng SH, Braxton C, Eloit M, Feng SF, Fragnoud R, Mallet L, Mee ET, Sathiamoorthy S, Vandeputte O, Khan AS
  15. Viruses 2018 Sep 27;10(10):528
    Considerations for optimization of high-throughput sequencing bioinformatics pipelines for virus detection.
    Lambert C, Braxton C, Charlebois RL, Deyati A, Duncan P, La Neve F, Malicki HD, Ribrioux S, Rozelle DK, Michaels B, Sun W, Yang Z, Khan AS
  16. Biologicals 2018 Sep;55:1-16
    Report of the international conference on next generation sequencing for adventitious virus detection in biologicals.
    Khan AS, Benetti L, Blumel J, Deforce D, Egan WM, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Mallet L, Mayer D, Minor PD, Neels P, Wang G
  17. mSphere 2018 Apr;3(2):e00069-18
    A reference viral database (RVDB) to enhance bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput sequencing for novel virus detection.
    Goodacre N, Aljanahi A, Nandakumar S, Mikailov M, Khan AS
  18. Virology 2018 Mar;516:158-64
    Spumaretroviruses: updated taxonomy and nomenclature.
    Khan AS, Bodem J, Buseyne F, Gessain A, Johnson W, Kuhn JH, Kuzmak J, Lindemann D, Linial ML, Lochelt M, Materniak-Kornas M, Soares MA, Switzer WM
  19. Genome Announc 2018 Jan 18;6(3):e01437-17
    Complete genome sequence of the African green monkey simian foamy virus serotype 3 strain FV2014 (SFVcae_FV2014).
    Nandakumar S, Bae EH, Khan AS
  20. mSphere 2017 Oct;2(5):e00307-17
    A multicenter study to evaluate the performance of high-throughput sequencing for virus detection.
    Khan AS, Ng SHS, Vandeputte O, Aljanahi A, Deyati A, Cassart JP, Charlebois RL, Taliaferro LP
  21. Genome Announc 2017 Aug 17;5(33):e00827-17
    Complete genome sequence of a naturally occurring simian foamy virus isolate from rhesus macaque (SFVmmu_K3T).
    Nandakumar S, Bae EH, Khan AS
  22. Genome Announc 2017 Aug 24;5(34):e00829-17
    Whole-genome sequence of the Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cell line.
    Nandakumar S, Ma H, Khan AS
  23. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2016 Nov-Dec;70(6):591-5
    Advanced Virus Detection Technologies Interest Group (AVDTIG): efforts for high throughput sequencing (HTS) for virus detection.
    Khan AS, Vacante DA, Cassart JP, Ng SH, Lambert C, Charlebois RL, King K
  24. Viruses 2016 Nov 23;8(11):318
    Eleventh International Foamy Virus Conference--meeting report.
    Buseyne F, Gessain A, Soares MA, Santos AF, Materniak-Kornas M, Lesage P, Zamborlini A, Lochelt M, Qiao W, Lindemann D, Wohrl BM, Stoye JP, Taylor IA, Khan AS
  25. Viruses 2015 Mar 31;7(4):1651-66
    Tenth International Foamy Virus Conference 2014--achievements and perspectives.
    Materniak M, Kubis P, Rola-Luszczak M, Khan AS, Buseyne F, Lindemann D, Lochelt M, Kuzmak J
  26. Vaccine 2015 Jan 1;33(1):73-5
    The Brighton Collaboration Viral Vector Vaccines Safety Working Group (V3SWG).
    Chen RT, Carbery B, Mac L, Berns KI, Chapman L, Condit RC, Excler JL, Gurwith M, Hendry M, Khan AS, Khuri-Bulos N, Klug B, Robertson JS, Seligman S, Sheets R, Williamson AL
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